UFW, or Uncomplicated Firewall, is an interface to iptables that is geared towards simplifying the process of configuring a firewall.

While iptables is a solid and flexible tool, it can be difficult for beginners to learn how to use it to properly configure a firewall.

If you’re looking to get started securing your network, and you’re not sure which tool to use, UFW may be the right choice for you.

To follow this article, you will need:

• A server running debian based distribution, along with a non-root user with sudo privileges.
• UFW is NOT installed by default on Debian. You can install it with sudo apt install ufw.

In recent versions of Debian, IPv6 is enabled by default.

In practice that means most firewall rules added to the server will include both an IPv4 and an IPv6 version, the latter identified by v6 within the output of UFW’s status command. To make sure IPv6 is enabled, you can check your UFW configuration file at /etc/default/ufw. Open this file using nano or your favorite command line editor:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo nano /etc/default/ufw

Then make sure the value of IPV6 is set to yes. It should look like this:

IPV6=yes

Save and close the file.

When UFW is enabled in a later step of this guide, it will be configured to write both IPv4 and IPv6 firewall rules.

If you’re just getting started with UFW, a good first step is to check your default firewall policies. These rules control how to handle traffic that does not explicitly match any other rules.

By default, UFW is set to deny all incoming connections and allow all outgoing connections. This means anyone trying to reach your server would not be able to connect, while any application within the server would be able to reach the outside world. Additional rules to allow specific services and ports are included as exceptions to this general policy.

To make sure you’ll be able to follow along with the rest of this tutorial, you’ll now set up your UFW default policies for incoming and outgoing traffic.

To ensure that the default UFW incoming policy is set to deny, run:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw default deny incoming
Default incoming policy changed to 'deny'
(be sure to update your rules accordingly)

To ensure that the default UFW outgoing policy is set to allow, run:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw default allow outgoing
Default outgoing policy changed to 'allow'
(be sure to update your rules accordingly)

These commands set the defaults to deny incoming and allow outgoing connections. These firewall defaults alone might suffice for a personal computer, but servers typically need to respond to incoming requests from outside users. We’ll look into that next.

If you were to enable your UFW firewall now, it would deny all incoming connections.

This means that you’ll need to create rules that explicitly allow legitimate incoming connections — SSH or HTTP connections, for example — if you want your server to respond to those types of requests. If you’re using a cloud server, you will probably want to allow incoming SSH connections so you can connect to and manage your server.

Upon installation, most applications that rely on network connections will register an application profile within UFW, which enables users to quickly allow or deny external access to a service. You can check which profiles are currently registered in UFW with:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw app list
Available applications:
  AIM
  Bonjour
  CIFS
  DNS
  Deluge
  IMAP
  IMAPS
  IPP
  :
  OpenSSH
  POP3
  POP3S
  PeopleNearby
  SMTP
  SSH
  :
  VNC
  WWW
  WWW Cache
  WWW Full
  WWW Secure
  XMPP
  :

To enable the OpenSSH application profile, run:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow OpenSSH
Rule added
Rule added (v6)

This will create firewall rules to allow all connections on port 22, which is the port that the SSH daemon listens on by default.

Another way to configure UFW to allow incoming SSH connections is by referencing its service name: ssh.

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow ssh
Rule added
Rule added (v6)

UFW knows which ports and protocols a service uses based on the /etc/services file.

Alternatively, you can write the equivalent rule by specifying the port instead of the application profile or service name. For example, this command works the same as the previous examples:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow 22
Rule added
Rule added (v6)

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow 2222
Rule added
Rule added (v6)

It's always a good idea to comment your rules for futur review; especially if you're using non standard tcp port or custom applications:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow 2222 comment 'This port allow SSH connection'
Rule added
Rule added (v6)

You can add/modify comment to existing rules:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow 2222 comment 'This port allow MyPowerSSH connection'
Rule updated
Rule updated (v6)

You can add also remove comment to existing rules:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow 2222 comment ''
Rule updated
Rule updated (v6)

Now that your firewall is configured to allow incoming SSH connections, you can enable it.

Your firewall should now be configured to allow SSH connections. To verify which rules were added so far, even when the firewall is still disabled, you can use:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw show added
Added user rules (see 'ufw status' for running firewall):
ufw allow OpenSSH

After confirming your have a rule to allow incoming SSH connections, you can enable the firewall with:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw enable
Command may disrupt existing ssh connections. Proceed with operation (y|n)? y
Firewall is active and enabled on system startup

You will receive a warning that says the command may disrupt existing SSH connections. You already set up a firewall rule that allows SSH connections, so it should be fine to continue. Respond to the prompt with y and hit ENTER.

The firewall is now active.

Run the sudo ufw status verbose command to see the rules that are set. The rest of this tutorial covers how to use UFW in more detail, like allowing or denying different kinds of connections.

At this point, you should allow all of the other connections that your server needs to respond to. The connections that you should allow depend on your specific needs. You already know how to write rules that allow connections based on an application profile, a service name, or a port; you already did this for SSH on port 22. You can also do this for:

• HTTP on port 80, which is what unencrypted web servers use, using sudo ufw allow http or sudo ufw allow 80
• HTTPS on port 443, which is what encrypted web servers use, using sudo ufw allow https or sudo ufw allow 443
• Apache with both HTTP and HTTPS, using sudo ufw allow ‘Apache Full’
• Nginx with both HTTP and HTTPS, using sudo ufw allow ‘Nginx Full’

Don’t forget to check which application profiles are available for your server with sudo ufw app list.

There are several other ways to allow connections, aside from specifying a port or known service name. We’ll see some of these next.

You can specify port ranges with UFW. Some applications use multiple ports, instead of a single port.

For example, to allow X11 connections, which use ports 6000-6007, use these commands:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow 6000:6007/tcp
Rule added
Rule added (v6)
frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow 6000:6007/udp
Rule added
Rule added (v6)

When specifying port ranges with UFW, you must specify the protocol (tcp or udp) that the rules should apply to. We haven’t mentioned this before because not specifying the protocol automatically allows both protocols, which is OK in most cases.

When working with UFW, you can also specify IP addresses within your rules. For example, if you want to allow connections from a specific IP address, such as a work or home IP address of 123.45.67.89, you need to use the from parameter, providing then the IP address you want to allow:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow from 123.45.67.89
Rule added

You can also specify a port that the IP address is allowed to connect to by adding to any port followed by the port number. For example, If you want to allow 123.45.67.89 to connect to port 22 (SSH), use this command:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow from 123.45.67.89 to any port 22
Rule added

If you want to allow a subnet of IP addresses, you can do so using CIDR notation to specify a netmask. For example, if you want to allow all of the IP addresses ranging from 123.45.67.1 to 123.45.67.254 you could use this command:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow from 123.45.67.0/24
Rule added

Likewise, you may also specify the destination port that the subnet 123.45.67.0/24 is allowed to connect to. Again, we’ll use port 22 (SSH) as an example:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow from 123.45.67.0/24 to any port 22
Rule added

If you want to create a firewall rule that only applies to a specific network interface, you can do so by specifying allow in on followed by the name of the network interface.

You may want to look up your network interfaces before continuing. To do so, use this command:

frater@vulkan:$ ip addr
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
:
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
:

The output indicates the network interface names; they are typically named something like eth0 or enp3s2.

So, if your server has a public network interface called eth0, you could allow HTTP traffic (port 80) to it with this command:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow in on eth0 to any port 80
Rule added
Rule added (v6)

Doing so would allow your server to receive HTTP requests from the public internet.

Or, if you want your MySQL database server (port 3306) to listen for connections on the private network interface eth1, for example, you could use this command:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw allow in on eth1 to any port 3306
Rule added
Rule added (v6)

This would allow other servers on your private network to connect to your MySQL database.

If you haven’t changed the default policy for incoming connections, UFW is configured to deny all incoming connections. Generally, this simplifies the process of creating a secure firewall policy by requiring you to create rules that explicitly allow specific ports and IP addresses through.

However, sometimes you will want to deny specific connections based on the source IP address or subnet, perhaps because you know that your server is being attacked from there. Also, if you want to change your default incoming policy to allow (which is not recommended), you would need to create deny rules for any services or IP addresses that you don’t want to allow connections for.

To write deny rules, you can use the commands previously described, replacing allow with deny.

For example, to deny HTTP connections, you could use this command:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw deny http
Rule added
Rule added (v6)

Or if you want to deny all connections from 123.45.67.894 you could use this command:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw deny from 123.45.67.89
Rule added

In some cases, you may also want to block outgoing connections from the server. To deny all users from using a port on the server, such as port 25 for SMTP traffic, you can use deny out followed by the port number:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw deny out 25
Rule added
Rule added (v6)

This will block all outgoing SMTP traffic on the server.

Knowing how to delete firewall rules is just as important as knowing how to create them. There are two different ways to specify which rules to delete: by rule number or by its human-readable denomination (similar to how the rules were specified when they were created).

To delete a UFW rule by its number, first you’ll want to obtain a numbered list of all your firewall rules. The UFW status command has an option to display numbers next to each rule, as demonstrated here:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw status numbered
Status: active

     To                         Action      From
     --                         ------      ----
[ 1] 22                         ALLOW IN    15.15.15.0/24              # Allow SSH(22) only from 15.15.15.0 subnet
[ 2] 80                         ALLOW IN    Anywhere                   # Allow unsecured http servicing

If you decide that you want to delete rule number 2, the one that allows port 80 (HTTP) connections, you can specify it in a UFW delete command like this:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw delete 2
Deleting:
 allow 80
Proceed with operation (y|n)? y
Rule deleted

This will prompt for a confirmation then delete rule 2, which allows HTTP connections.

Instead of using rule numbers, you may also refer to a rule by its human readable denomination, which is based on the type of rule (typically allow or deny) and the service name or port number that was the target for this rule, or the application profile name in case that was used. For example, if you want to delete an allow rule for an application profile called Apache Full that was previously enabled, you can use:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw delete allow "Apache Full"
Rule deleted
Rule deleted (v6)

The delete command works the same way for rules that were created referencing a service by its name or port. For example, if you previously set a rule to allow HTTP connections with sudo ufw allow http, this is how you could delete said rule:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw delete allow http
Rule deleted
Rule deleted (v6)

Because service names are interchangeable with port numbers when specifying rules, you could also refer to the same rule as allow 80, instead of allow http:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw delete allow 80
Rule deleted
Rule deleted (v6)

At any time, you can check the status of UFW with this command:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw status verbose

If UFW is disabled, which it is by default, you’ll see something like this:

Status: inactive

If UFW is active, which it should be if you followed Allow SSH Connections, the output will say that it’s active and it will list any rules that are set. For example, if the firewall is set to allow SSH (port 22) connections from anywhere, the output might look something like this:

Output
Status: active
Logging: on (low)
Default: deny (incoming), allow (outgoing), disabled (routed)
New profiles: skip

To                         Action      From
--                         ------      ----
22/tcp                     ALLOW IN    Anywhere

Use the status command if you want to check how UFW has configured the firewall.

If you decide you don’t want to use the UFW firewall, you can deactivate it with this command:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw disable
Firewall stopped and disabled on system startup

Any rules that you created with UFW will no longer be active. You can always run sudo ufw enable if you need to activate it later.

If you already have UFW rules configured but you decide that you want to start over, you can use the reset command:

frater@vulkan:$ sudo ufw reset
Resetting all rules to installed defaults. This may disrupt existing ssh
connections. Proceed with operation (y|n)? y
Backing up 'user.rules' to '/etc/ufw/user.rules.20241129_170353'
Backing up 'before.rules' to '/etc/ufw/before.rules.20241129_170353'
Backing up 'after.rules' to '/etc/ufw/after.rules.20241129_170353'
Backing up 'user6.rules' to '/etc/ufw/user6.rules.20241129_170353'
Backing up 'before6.rules' to '/etc/ufw/before6.rules.20241129_170353'
Backing up 'after6.rules' to '/etc/ufw/after6.rules.20241129_170353'

This will disable UFW and delete any rules that were previously defined. This should give you a fresh start with UFW. Keep in mind that the default policies won’t change to their original settings, if you modified them at any point.

Your firewall is now configured to allow (at least) SSH connections. Be sure to allow any other incoming connections that your server requires, while limiting any unnecessary connections, so your server will be functional and secure.