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 +====== Build Email Server From Scratch on Debian – Part 2 - IMAP and TLS Setup ======
  
 +This is part 2 of building your own secure email server on Debian from scratch tutorial series. In [[tutoriaux:install-email-server:install-email-server-part-1|previous part]] , we showed you how to set up a basic Postfix SMTP server. In this tutorial, we are going to configure the email server so that we can receive and send emails using a desktop email client like Mozilla Thunderbird or Microsoft Outlook.
 +
 +To be able to send emails using a desktop email client, we need to enable the submission service in Postfix.
 +To receive emails using a desktop email client, we can install an open-source IMAP server named Dovecot on the Debian server.
 +And to encrypt our communications, we can install a free TLS certificate issued by Let’s Encrypt.
 +
 +This part is focused only on **Canonical users** (use only local OS user as mailbox login)
 +===== Open Ports in Firewall =====
 +
 +Debian doesn’t enable firewall by default. If you have enabled the UFW firewall, then you need to run the following command to open email related ports in firewall.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo ufw allow 80,443,587,465,993/tcp</code>
 +
 +If you use POP3 to fetch emails (I personally don’t), then also open port 110 and 995, you may also open unsecure IMAP port 143 (I personnaly don't).
 +
 +<code bash>sudo ufw allow 110,143,995/tcp</code>
 +
 +==== Ports ID and description ====
 +
 +^ Port  ^ TCP/UDP  ^ Description       ^
 +| 80    | TCP      | Web Server HTTP   |
 +| 443   | TCP      | Web Server HTTPS  |
 +| 587   | TCP      | SMTP              |
 +| 465   | TCP      | SMTP-SSL          |
 +| 143   | TCP      | IMAP              |
 +| 993   | TCP      | IMAP-SSL          |
 +| 110   | TCP      | POP3              |
 +| 995   | TCP      | POP3-SSL          |
 +
 +===== Securing Email Server Traffic with TLS Certificate =====
 +
 +When we configure our desktop email clients, It’s always a good idea to enable TLS encryption to prevent hackers from snooping on our emails. We can easily obtain a free TLS certificate from Let’s Encrypt. Issue the following commands to install Let’s Encrypt client (certbot) on Debian server from the default software repository.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo apt update
 +
 +sudo apt dist-upgrade
 +
 +sudo apt install certbot</code>
 +
 +If you don’t have a web server running yet, I recommend you install one (Apache or Nginx), because it’s easier to obtain and install TLS certificate with a web server than using other methods. And in a later tutorial, I will show you how to set up webmail, which requires running a web server.
 +
 +If you choose to use Apache web server, you need to install the Apache plugin. (The following command will install Apache web server if it’s not already installed on your system.)
 +
 +<code bash>sudo apt install python3-certbot-apache</code>
 +
 +If you choose use Nginx web server, then install the Nginx plugin. (The following command will install Nginx web server if it’s not already installed on your system.)
 +
 +<code bash>sudo apt install python3-certbot-nginx</code>
 +
 +==== Obtaining TLS Certificate with Apache Web Server ====
 +
 +We create an Apache virtual host for mail.example.com before obtaining Let’s Encrypt TLS certificate. Create the virtual host file:
 +
 +<code bash>
 +sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/mail.example.com.conf
 +</code>
 +
 +Then paste the following text into the file.
 +
 +<code apache>
 +<VirtualHost *:80>        
 +        ServerName mail.example.com
 +
 +        DocumentRoot /var/www/html/
 +</VirtualHost>
 +</code>
 +
 +Save and close the file. Enable this virtual host.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo a2ensite mail.example.com.conf</code>
 +
 +Then disable the default virtual host, because it might interfere with other virtual hosts.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo a2dissite 000-default</code>
 +
 +Reload Apache for the changes to take effect.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo systemctl reload apache2</code>
 +
 +Once the virtual host is created and enabled, run the following command to obtain Let’s Encrypt TLS certificate.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo certbot certonly -a apache --agree-tos --no-eff-email --staple-ocsp --email you@example.com -d mail.example.com</code>
 +
 +Where:
 +
 +^ certonly        | obtain the TLS certificate but don’t install it in the web server                                                         |
 +^ --apache        | Use the Apache plugin for authentication                                                                                  |
 +^ --agree-tos     | Agree to terms of service.                                                                                                |
 +^ --no-eff-email  | Don’t receive emails from EFF foundation.                                                                                 |
 +^ --staple-ocsp   | Enables OCSP Stapling. A valid OCSP response is stapled to the certificate that the server offers during TLS connection.  |
 +^ --email         | Enter your email address, which is used for important notifications and account recovery.                                 |
 +^ -d              | domain, aka your mail server hostname.                                                                                    |
 +
 +Substitute the "example.com" fields with your actual data. You should see the following which means the certificate is successfully obtained. You can also see the directory under which your cert is stored.
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-tls-certibot-success.png |}}
 +==== Obtaining TLS Certificate with Nginx Web Server ====
 +
 +We create an Nginx virtual host for ''mail.example.com'' before obtaining Let’s Encrypt TLS certificate. Create the virtual host file:
 +
 +<code bash>
 +sudo nano /etc/nginx/conf.d/mail.example.com.conf
 +</code>
 +
 +Next, paste the following text into the file.
 +
 +<code apache>
 +server {
 +      listen 80;
 +      listen [::]:80;
 +      server_name mail.example.com;
 +
 +      root /usr/share/nginx/html/;
 +
 +      location ~ /.well-known/acme-challenge {
 +         allow all;
 +      }
 +}
 +</code>
 +
 +Save and close the file. Make sure the ''/usr/share/nginx/html/'' directory exists on your server.
 +
 +<code bash>
 +sudo mkdir -p /usr/share/nginx/html/
 +</code>
 +
 +Reload Nginx for the changes to take effect.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo systemctl reload nginx</code>
 +
 +Once the virtual host is created and enabled, run the following command to obtain Let’s Encrypt certificate with Nginx plugin.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo certbot certonly -a nginx --agree-tos --no-eff-email --staple-ocsp --email you@example.com -d mail.example.com</code>
 +
 +Where:
 +
 +^ certonly        | obtain the TLS certificate but don’t install it in the web server.                                                        |
 +^ --nginx         | Use the Nginx plugin for authentication                                                                                   |
 +^ --agree-tos     | Agree to terms of service.                                                                                                |
 +^ --no-eff-email  | -Don’t receive emails from EFF foundation.                                                                                |
 +^ --staple-ocsp   | Enables OCSP Stapling. A valid OCSP response is stapled to the certificate that the server offers during TLS connection.  |
 +^ --email         | Enter your email address, which is used for important notifications and account recovery.                                 |
 +^ -d              | domain, aka your mail server hostname.                                                                                    |
 +
 +
 +You should see the following which means the certificate is successfully obtained. You can also see the directory under which your cert is stored.
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-tls-certibot-success.png |}}
 +===== Enable Submission Service in Postfix =====
 +To send emails from a desktop email client, we need to enable the submission service of Postfix so that the email client can submit emails to Postfix SMTP server. Edit the ''master.cf'' file.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nano /etc/postfix/master.cf</code>
 +
 +In ''submission'' section, uncomment or add the following lines. Please allow at least one whitespace (tab or spacebar) before each ''-o''. In postfix configurations, a preceding whitespace character means that this line is continuation of the previous line. (By default the ''submission'' section is commented out. You can copy the following lines and paste them into the file, so you don’t have to manually uncomment or add new text.)
 +
 +<code ini>
 +submission     inet     n    -    y    -    -    smtpd
 +  -o syslog_name=postfix/submission
 +  -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
 +  -o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=no
 +  -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
 +  -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
 +  -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=permit_mynetworks,permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
 +  -o smtpd_sasl_type=dovecot
 +  -o smtpd_sasl_path=private/auth
 +</code>
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-tls-postfix-submission.png |}}
 +
 +The above configuration enables the **submission** daemon of Postfix and requires TLS encryption. So later on our desktop email client can connect to the submission daemon in TLS encryption. The submission daemon listens on TCP port **587**. STARTTLS is used to encrypt communications between email client and the submission daemon.
 +
 +//Microsoft Outlook// mail client only supports submission over port **465**. If you are going to use Microsoft Outlook, then you also need to enable submission service on port 465 by adding the following lines in the file.
 +
 +<code ini>
 +smtps     inet  n       -       y       -       -       smtpd
 +  -o syslog_name=postfix/smtps
 +  -o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes
 +  -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
 +  -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
 +  -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=permit_mynetworks,permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
 +  -o smtpd_sasl_type=dovecot
 +  -o smtpd_sasl_path=private/auth
 +</code>
 +
 +Save and close the file.
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-tls-postfix-smtps.png |}}
 +
 +<WRAP round tip>
 +The SMTP protocol is used when an email client submits emails to an SMTP server.
 +</WRAP>
 +
 +Next, we need to specify the location of TLS certificate and private key in Postfix configuration file. Edit ''main.cf'' file.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nano /etc/postfix/main.cf</code>
 +
 +Edit the TLS parameter as follows. Remember to replace ''mail.example.com'' with your real hostname.
 +
 +<code apache>
 +# TLS parameters
 +# Let's Encrypt certificate
 +smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/letsencrypt/live/gallifrey.nox-rhea.org/fullchain.pem
 +smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/letsencrypt/live/gallifrey.nox-rhea.org/privkey.pem
 +smtpd_tls_CAfile=/etc/letsencrypt/live/gallifrey.nox-rhea.org/chain.pem
 +
 +smtpd_tls_security_level=may 
 +smtpd_tls_loglevel = 1
 +smtpd_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtpd_scache
 +
 +#Enable TLS Encryption when Postfix sends outgoing emails
 +smtp_tls_security_level = may
 +smtp_tls_loglevel = 1
 +smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache
 +
 +#Enforce TLSv1.3 or TLSv1.2
 +smtpd_tls_mandatory_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3, !TLSv1, !TLSv1.1
 +smtpd_tls_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3, !TLSv1, !TLSv1.1
 +smtp_tls_mandatory_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3, !TLSv1, !TLSv1.1
 +smtp_tls_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3, !TLSv1, !TLSv1.1
 +</code>
 +
 +Your Let’s Encrypt certificate and private key are stored under ''/etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/'' directory.
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-tls-postfix-main.png |}}
 +
 +Save and close the file. Then restart Postfix.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo systemctl restart postfix</code>
 +
 +If you run the following command, you will see Postfix is now listening on port 587 and 465.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo ss -lnpt | grep master</code>
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-tls-postfix-lnpt.png |}}
 +===== Installing Dovecot IMAP Server =====
 +Enter the following command to install Dovecot core package and the IMAP daemon package on Debian server.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo apt install dovecot-core dovecot-imapd</code>
 +
 +If you use POP3 to fetch emails, then also install the dovecot-pop3d package.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo apt install dovecot-pop3d</code>
 +
 +Check Dovecot version:
 +
 +<code bash>sudo dovecot --version</code>
 +
 +Sample output:
 +
 +<code>2.3.13 (89f716dc2)</code>
 +===== Enabling IMAP/POP3 Protocol =====
 +Edit the main config file.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nano /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf</code>
 +
 +Add the following line to enable IMAP protocol.
 +
 +<code>protocols = imap</code>
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-dovecot-protocols.png |}}
 +
 +If you use POP3 to fetch emails, then also add POP3 protocol.
 +
 +<code>protocols = imap pop3</code>
 +
 +Save and close the file.
 +
 +===== Configuring Mailbox Location =====
 +By default, Postfix and Dovecot use mbox format to store emails. Each user’s emails are stored in a single file ''/var/mail/username''. You can run the following command to find the mail spool directory.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo postconf mail_spool_directory</code>
 +
 +Sample output:
 +
 +<code bash>mail_spool_directory = /var/mail</code>
 +
 +However, nowadays it’s almost always you want to use the Maildir format to store email messages. The config file for mailbox location is ''/etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf''.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf</code>
 +
 +The default configuration uses mbox mail format.
 +
 +<code>mail_location = mbox:~/mail:INBOX=/var/mail/%u</code>
 +
 +Change it to the following to make Dovecot use the Maildir format. Email messages will be stored under the ''Maildir'' directory under each user’s home directory.
 +
 +<code>mail_location = maildir:~/Maildir</code>
 +
 +Save and close the file. Then add dovecot to the mail group so that Dovecot can read the INBOX.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo adduser dovecot mail</code>
 +
 +
 +===== Using Dovecot to Deliver Email to Message Store =====
 +
 +Although we configured Dovecot to store emails in Maildir format, by default, Postfix uses its built-in local delivery agent (LDA) to move inbound emails to the message store (inbox, sent, trash, Junk, etc), and it will be saved in ''mbox'' format.
 +
 +We need to configure Postfix to pass incoming emails to Dovecot, via the LMTP protocol, which is a simplified version of SMTP, so incoming emails will saved in ''Maildir'' format by Dovecot. LMTP allows for a highly scalable and reliable mail system. It also allows us to use the ''sieve'' plugin to filter inbound messages to different folders.
 +
 +==== Install the Dovecot LMTP Server. ====
 +
 +<code bash>sudo apt install dovecot-lmtpd</code>
 +
 +Edit the Dovecot main configuration file.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nano /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf</code>
 +
 +Add ''lmtp'' to the supported protocols.
 +
 +<code apache>protocols = imap lmtp</code>
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-dovecot-protocols-imap-lmtp.png |}}
 +
 +Save and close the file. Then edit the Dovecot 10-master.conf file.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf</code>
 +
 +Change the ''lmtp'' service definition to the following. Be careful about the syntax. Each opening bracket needs to be paired with a closing bracket.
 +
 +<code apache>
 +service lmtp {
 + unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/dovecot-lmtp {
 +   mode = 0600
 +   user = postfix
 +   group = postfix
 +  }
 +}
 +</code>
 +
 +Save and close the file.
 +
 +Next, edit the Postfix main configuration file.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nano /etc/postfix/main.cf</code>
 +
 +Add the following lines at the end of the file. The first line tells Postfix to deliver incoming emails to local message store via the Dovecot LMTP server. The second line disables SMTPUTF8 in Postfix, because Dovecot-LMTP doesn’t support this email extension.
 +
 +<code apache>
 +mailbox_transport = lmtp:unix:private/dovecot-lmtp
 +smtputf8_enable = no
 +</code>
 +
 +Save and close the file.
 +
 +===== Configuring User Authentication Mechanism =====
 +Edit the authentication config file.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf</code>
 +
 +Uncomment the following line.
 +
 +<code apache>disable_plaintext_auth = yes</code>
 +
 +It will disable plaintext authentication when there’s no SSL/TLS encryption. Then find the following line,
 +
 +<code apache>
 +#auth_username_format = %Lu
 +</code>
 +
 +Uncomment it and change its value to ''%n''.
 +
 +<code apache>auth_username_format = %n</code>
 +
 +By default, when Dovecot tries to find or deliver emails for a user, it uses the full email address. Since in this part, we only set up **canonical mailbox users** (using OS users as mailbox users), Dovecot can’t find the mailbox user in full domain format (username@example.com), so we need to set ''auth_username_format = %n'' to drop the domain part, then Dovecot should be able to find the mailbox user. This also allows us to use the full email address (username@example.com) to log in.
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-dovecot-username-format.png |}}
 +
 +Next, find the following line.
 +
 +<code apache>auth_mechanisms = plain</code>
 +
 +This line only enables the PLAIN authentication mechanism. LOGIN is another authentication mechanism you probably want to add to support older email clients.
 +
 +<code apache>auth_mechanisms = plain login</code>
 +
 +Save and close the file.
 +
 +===== Configuring SSL/TLS Encryption =====
 +
 +Edit SSL/TLS config file.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-ssl.conf</code>
 +
 +Change ssl = yes to ssl = required to enforce encryption.
 +
 +<code apache>ssl = required</code>
 +Then find the following lines.
 +
 +<code apache>
 +ssl_cert = </etc/dovecot/private/dovecot.pem
 +ssl_key = </etc/dovecot/private/dovecot.key
 +</code>
 +By default, Dovecot uses a self-signed TLS certificate. Replace them with the following values, which specify the location of your Let’s Encrypt TLS certificate and private key. Don’t leave out the < character. It’s necessary.
 +<code apache>
 +ssl_cert = </etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/fullchain.pem
 +ssl_key = </etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/privkey.pem
 +</code>
 +
 +Find the following line.
 +
 +<code apache>
 +#ssl_prefer_server_ciphers = no
 +</code>
 +
 +It’s a good practice to prefer the server’s order of ciphers over client’s. So uncomment this line and change the value to yes.
 +
 +<code apache>
 +ssl_prefer_server_ciphers = yes
 +</code>
 +
 +Then find the following line.
 +
 +<code apache>
 +#ssl_min_protocol = TLSv1
 +</code>
 +
 +Change it to the following to disable insecure SSLv3, TLSv1, and TLSv1.1 protocols.
 +
 +<code apache>
 +ssl_min_protocol = TLSv1.2
 +</code>
 +
 +Save and close the file.
 +===== Configuring SASL Authentication =====
 +Edit the following file.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf</code>
 +
 +Change ''service auth'' section to the following so that Postfix can find the Dovecot authentication server. Please be careful about the syntax. Every opening bracket should be terminated by a closing bracket.
 +
 +<code python>
 +service auth {
 +    unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/auth {
 +      mode = 0660
 +      user = postfix
 +      group = postfix
 +    }
 +}
 +</code>
 +
 +Save and close the file.
 +
 +After you save and close all the above config files, restart Postfix and Dovecot.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo systemctl restart postfix dovecot</code>
 +
 +Dovecot will be listening on port 143 (IMAP) and 993 (IMAPS), as can be seen with:
 +
 +<code>sudo ss -lnpt | grep dovecot</code>
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-tls-dovecot-lnpt.png |}}
 +
 +If there’s a configuration error, dovecot will fail to restart, so it’s a good idea to check if Dovecot is running with the following command.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo systemctl status dovecot</code>
 +
 +===== Configure Desktop Email Client =====
 +
 +Now open up your desktop email client such as Mozilla Thunderbird. Go to **Edit** -> **Account Settings** -> **Account Actions** -> **Add Mail Account** to add a mail account.
 +
 +In the incoming server section, select IMAP protocol, enter ''mail.your-domain.com'' as the server name, choose port **143** and **STARTTLS**. Choose ''normal password'' as the authentication method.
 +In the outgoing section, select SMTP protocol, enter ''mail.your-domain.com'' as the server name, choose port **587** and **STARTTLS**. Choose ''normal password'' as the authentication method.
 +
 +[[..:debian-postfix-dovecot-letsencrypt]]
 +
 +<WRAP round tip>
 +You can also use port 993 with SSL/TLS encryption for IMAP, and use port 465 with SSL/TLS encryption for SMTP. You should NOT use port 25 as the SMTP port in mail clients to submit outgoing emails.
 +</WRAP>
 +
 +You should now be able to connect to your own email server and also send and receive emails with your desktop email client!
 +
 +We use local Unix accounts as email addresses, as we did in [[tutoriaux:install-email-server:install-email-server-part-1|previous part]]. For example, if you have a user named ''user1'' on your Debian server, then you have an email address: ''user1@example.com'', and the password for the email address is the same password for the ''user1'' user. To create a local Unix account, run
 +
 +<code bash>sudo adduser user1</code>
 +
 +Note: Dovecot doesn’t allow you to log in with the ''root'' account. You need to create separate user accounts.
 +
 +You can list all available mailbox users with:
 +
 +<code bash>sudo doveadm user '*'</code>
 +
 +It’s recommended to restart Dovecot after adding users, so Dovecot can recognize new mailbox users.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo systemctl restart dovecot</code>
 +
 +==== Troubleshooting Tips ====
 +
 +As a rule of thumb, you should always check the mail log (''/var/log/mail.log'') on your mail server when an error happens. The following is a list of specific errors and troubleshooting tips.
 +
 +=== Can’t login from Mail Clients ===
 +
 +If you can’t log into your mail server from a desktop mail client, scan your mail server to find if the ports (TCP 587, 465, 143, and 993) are open. Note that you should run the following command from another Linux computer or server. If you run it on your mail server, then the ports will always appear to be open.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nmap mail.example.com</code>
 +
 +And check if Dovecot is running.
 +
 +<code bash>systemctl status dovecot</code>
 +
 +You can also check the mail log (''/var/log/mail.log''), which may give you some clues. If Dovecot fails to start, the error might not be logged to the ''/var/log/mail.log'' file, you can run the following command to see what’s wrong.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo journalctl -eu dovecot</code>
 +
 +For example, some folks may have the following error in the journal.
 +
 +<code>doveconf: Fatal: Error in configuration file /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf line 78: Unknown setting</code>
 +
 +Most of the time, it’s a simple syntax error, like a missing curly bracket. Open the configuration file, go to the specified line and fix the error.
 +
 +If you find the following error message in the mail log
 +
 +<code>imap-login: Error: Failed to initialize SSL server context: Can't load DH parameters: error:1408518A:SSL routines:ssl3_ctx_ctrl:dh key too small</code>
 +
 +Then open the Dovecot TLS configuration file.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-ssl.conf</code>
 +
 +Add the following line in this file.
 +
 +<code>ssl_dh = </etc/dovecot/dh.pem</code>
 +
 +Save and close the file. Then generate the DH parameter file with:
 +
 +<code bash>sudo openssl dhparam -out /etc/dovecot/dh.pem 4096</code>
 +Restart Dovecot for the changes to take effect.
 +
 +=== Cloudflare DNS ===
 +
 +As I said in [[tutoriaux:install-email-server:install-email-server-part-1|previous part]], if you use Cloudflare DNS service, you should not enable the CDN (proxy) feature when creating DNS A record and AAAA record for the hostname of your mail server. Cloudflare doesn’t support SMTP or IMAP proxy.
 +
 +=== Relay Access Denied ===
 +
 +If you see the “**relay access denied**” error when trying to send emails from a mail client, it’s most likely that you use port 25 as the SMTP port in your mail client. As I said a while ago, you should use port **587** or **465** as the SMTP port in mail clients (Mozilla Thunberbird, Microsoft Outlook, etc) to submit outgoing emails. Port 25 should be used for SMTP server to SMTP server communications.
 +
 +[[..:postfix_dovecot_relay_access_denied]]
 +
 +If you see the following “**relay access denied**” error in the ''/var/log/mail.log'' file when trying to send emails from other mail services like Gmail to your own mail server, it’s likely that ''yourdomain.com'' is not in the list of ''$mydestination'' parameter.
 +
 +<code>NOQUEUE: reject: RCPT from mail-il1-f180.google.com[209.85.166.180]: 454 4.7.1 <xiao@inuxbabe.com>: Relay access denied; from=<someone@gmail.com> to=<frater@example.com> proto=ESMTP helo=<mail-il1-f180.google.com></code>
 +
 +You can display the current value of ''$mydestination'' with:
 +
 +<code bash>postconf mydestination</code>
 +
 +Some folks might not have the main domain name in the list like so:
 +
 +<code>mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost</code>
 +
 +Then run the following command to add the main domain name to the list.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo postconf -e "mydestination = example.com, \$myhostname, localhost.\$mydomain, localhost"</code>
 +
 +Reload Postfix for the changes to take effect.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo systemctl reload postfix</code>
 +
 +=== User Doesn’t Exist ===
 +
 +If you see the following error message in the mail log (''/var/log/mail.log''), it’s likely that you forgot to set ''auth_username_format = %n'' In ''/etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf'' file.
 +
 +<code>
 +mail postfix/lmtp[2256]: 68E00FC1A5: to=, relay=mail.example.com[private/dovecot-lmtp], delay=509, delays=509/0.03/0.03/0.02, dsn=5.1.1, status=bounced (host mail.example.com[private/dovecot-lmtp] said: 550 5.1.1  User doesn't exist: user1@example.com (in reply to RCPT TO command))
 +</code>
 +
 +=== iOS Mail App ===
 +
 +If you use the iOS Mail app to log into your mail server and encounter the following error.
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-postfix-apple-error.png |}}
 +
 +You can try to fix it by enforcing SSL encryption, for both SMTP and IMAP.
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-postfix-apple-ssl-settings.png |}}
 +
 +<WRAP round todo>
 +Fun fact: It seems the iOS Mail app has difficulty in supporting STARTTLS on IMAP port 143, but it supports STARTTLS on the submission port 587.
 +</WRAP>
 +
 +If you encounter the “No password provided” error in the iOS Mail app, it’s likely that you have a typo when entering the username in the Mail account settings, or you didn’t enable SSL in the Mail account settings.
 +
 +{{ tutoriaux:debian-email:debian-postfix-apple-error-no-password.png |}}
 +
 +=== Unable to Receive Email From Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, etc ===
 +
 +If you can’t receive emails from Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, etc, here are the possible causes:
 +
 +  - Your MX record is wrong, or not propagated to the Internet yet.
 +  - Your mail server hostname doesn’t have DNS A record, or not propagated to the Internet yet.
 +  - Your firewall doesn’t allow incoming connection to port 25. Maybe your mail server is behind a NAT?
 +  - Postfix isn’t listening on the public IP address.
 +  - Check the mail log (''/var/log/mail.log'') to find out if there are other errors in your Postfix and Dovecot configuration.
 +
 +
 +You can use the [[https://network-tools.com/email-tests/|Network Tools Email Checker]] to test if your SMTP server is reachable from the Internet. Just enter your domain email address and click the Go button. As you can see from the screenshot below, it successfully found my domain’s MX record and my SMTP server is reachable from the Internet.
 +
 +[[..:email_checker]]
 +
 +If your SMTP servers isn’t reachable from the Internet, then you have a problem in the first 4 items. If your SMTP server is reachable from the Internet, but you still can’t receive emails, check the mail log (''/var/log/mail.log'') to find out if there is any errors in your Postfix and Dovecot configuration.
 +
 +===== Auto-Renew TLS Certificate =====
 +You can create Cron job to automatically renew TLS certificate. Simply open root user’s crontab file.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo crontab -e</code>
 +
 +If you use **Apache** web server, add the following line at the bottom of the file.
 +
 +<code>@daily certbot renew --quiet && systemctl reload postfix dovecot apache2</code>
 +
 +If you are using **Nginx** web server, then add the following line.
 +
 +<code>@daily certbot renew --quiet && systemctl reload postfix dovecot nginx</code>
 +
 +Reloading Postfix, Dovecot and the web server is necessary to make these programs pick up the new certificate and private key.
 +
 +===== Dovecot Automatic Restart ===== 
 +If for any reason your Dovecot process is killed, you need to run the following command to restart it.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo systemctl restart dovecot</code>
 +
 +Instead of manually typing this command, we can make Dovecot automatically restart by editing the ''dovecot.service'' systemd service unit. To override the default systemd service configuration, we create a separate directory.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/dovecot.service.d/</code>
 +
 +Then create a file under this directory.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/dovecot.service.d/restart.conf</code>
 +
 +Add the following lines in the file, which will make Dovecot automatically restart 5 seconds after a failure is detected.
 +
 +<code>
 +[Service]
 +Restart=always
 +RestartSec=5s
 +</code>
 +
 +Save and close the file. Then reload systemd for the changes to take effect.
 +
 +<code bash>sudo systemctl daemon-reload</code>
 +
 +To check if this would work, kill Dovecot with:
 +
 +<code bash>sudo pkill dovecot</code>
 +
 +Then check Dovecot status. You will find Dovecot automatically restarted.
 +
 +<code bash>systemctl status dovecot</code>
 +
 +{{page>install-email-server-footer}}

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